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增值税专用发票使用规定(试行)(附英文)

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增值税专用发票使用规定(试行)(附英文)

税务总局


增值税专用发票使用规定(试行)(附英文)

1993年12月30日,税务总局

第一条 增值税专用发票(以下简称专用发票)只限于增值税的一般纳税人领购使用, 增值税的小规模纳税人和非增值税纳税人不得领购使用。
第二条 一般纳税人有下列情形之一者, 不得领购使用专用发票:
(一)会计核算不健全, 即不能按会计制度和税务机关的要求准确核算增值税的销项税额、进项税额和应纳税额者。
(二) 不能向税务机关准确提供增值税销项税额、进项税额、应纳税额数据及其他有关增值税税务资料者。
上述其他有关增值税税务资料的内容, 由国家税务总局直属分局确定。
(三) 有以下行为, 经税务机关责令限期改正而仍未改正者:
1.私自印制专用发票;
2.向个人或税务机关以外的单位买取专用发票;
3.借用他人专用发票;
4.向他人提供专用发票;
5.未按本规定第五条的要求开具专用发票;
6.未按规定保管专用发票;
7.未按本规定第十六条的规定申报专用发票的购、用、存情况;
8.未按规定接受税务机关检查。
(四) 销售的货物全部属于免税项目者。
有上列情形的一般纳税人如已领购使用专用发票, 税务机关应收缴其结存的专用发票。
第三条 除本规定第四条所列情形外, 一般纳税人销售货物 (包括视同销售货物在内) 、应税劳务, 根据增值税细则规定应当征收增值税的非应税劳务 (以下简称销售应税项目) , 必须向购买方开具专用发票。
第四条 下列情形不得开具专用发票:
(一) 向消费者销售应税项目。
(二) 销售免税项目。
(三) 销售报关出口的货物、在境外销售应税劳务。
(四) 将货物用于非应税项目。
(五) 将货物用于集体福利或个人消费。
(六) 将货物无偿赠送他人。
(七) 提供非应税劳务(应当征收增值税的除外)、转让无形资产或销售不动产。
向小规模纳税人销售应税项目, 可以不开具专用发票。
第五条 专用发票必须按下列要求开具:
(一) 字迹清楚。
(二) 不得涂改。
如填写有误, 应另行开具专用发票, 并在误填的专用发票上注明“误填作废”四字。如专用发票开具后因购货方不索取而成为废票的, 也应按填写有误办理。
(三) 项目填写齐全。
(四) 票、物相符, 票面金额与实际收取的金额相符。
(五) 各项目内容正确无误。
(六) 全部联次一次填开, 上、下联的内容和金额一致。
(七) 发票联和抵扣联加盖财务专用章或发票专用章。
(八) 按照本规定第六条所规定的时限开具专用发票。
(九) 不得开具伪造的专用发票。
(十) 不得拆本使用专用发票。
(十一) 不得开具票样与国家税务总局统一制定的票样不相符合的专用发票。
开具的专用发票有不符合上列要求者, 不得作为扣税凭证, 购买方有权拒收。
第六条 专用发票开具时限规定如下:
(一) 采用预收货款、托收承付、委托银行收款结算方式的, 为货物发出的当天。
(二) 采用交款提货结算方式的, 为收到货款的当天。
(三) 采用赊销、 分期付款结算方式的, 为合同约定的收款日期的当天。
(四) 将货物交付他人代销, 为收到受托人送交的代销清单的当天。
(五) 设有两个以上机构并实行统一核算的纳税人, 将货物从一个机构移送其他机构用于销售, 按规定应当征收增值税的, 为货物移送的当天。
(六) 将货物作为投资提供给其他单位或个体经营者, 为货物移送的当天。
(七) 将货物分配给股东, 为货物移送的当天。
一般纳税人必须按规定时限开具专用发票, 不得提前或滞后。
第七条 专用发票的基本联次统一规定为四联, 各联次必须按以下规定用途使用:
(一) 第一联为存根联, 由销货方留存备查。
(二) 第二联为发票联, 购货方作付款的记帐凭证。
(三) 第三联为税款抵扣联, 购货方作扣税凭证。
(四) 第四联为记帐联, 销货方作销售的记帐凭证。
第八条 除购进免税农业产品和自营进口货物外, 购进应税项目有下列情况之一者, 不得抵扣进项税额:
(一) 未按规定取得专用发票。
(二) 未按规定保管专用发票。
(三) 销售方开具的专用发票不符合本规定第五条第(一)至(九)项和第(十一)项的要求。
第九条 有下列情形之一者, 为本规定第八条所称未按规定取得专用发票:
(一) 未从销售方取得专用发票。
(二) 只取得记帐联或只取得抵扣联。
第十条 有下列情形之一者, 为本规定第二条、第八条所称未按规定保管专用发票:
(一) 未按照税务机关的要求建立专用发票管理制度。
(二) 未按照税务机关的要求设专人保管专用发票。
(三) 未按照税务机关的要求设置专门存放专用发票的场所。
(四) 税款抵扣联未按税务机关的要求装订成册。
(五) 未经税务机关查验擅自销毁专用发票的基本联次。
(六) 丢失专用发票。
(七) 损(撕)毁专用发票。
(八) 未执行国家税务总局或其直属分局提出的其他有关保管专用发票的要求。
第十一条 有本规定第八条所列情形者, 如其购进应税项目的进项税额已经抵扣, 应从税务机关发现其有上述情形的当期的进项税额中扣减。
第十二条 销售货物并向购买方开具专用发票后, 如发生退货或销售折让,应视不同情况分别按以下规定办理:
购买方在未付货款并且未作帐务处理的情况下, 须将原发票联和税款抵扣联主动退还销售方。销售方收到后, 应在该发票联和税款抵扣联及有关的存根联、记帐联上注明“作废”字样, 作为扣减当期销项税额的凭证。未收到购买方退还的专用发票前, 销售方不得扣减当期销项税额。属于销售折让的, 销售方应按折让后的货款重开专用发票。
在购买方已付货款, 或者货款未付但已作帐务处理, 发票联及抵扣联无法退还的情况下, 购买方必须取得当地主管税务机关开具的进货退出或索取折让证明单(以下简称证明单)送交销售方, 作为销售方开具红字专用发票的合法依据。销售方在未收到证明单以前, 不得开具红字专用发票; 收到证明单后, 根据退回货物的数量、价款或折让金额向购买方开具红字专用发票。红字专用发票的存根联、记帐联作为销售方扣减当期销项税额的凭证, 其发票联、税款抵扣联作为购买方扣减进项税额的凭证。
购买方收到红字专用发票后, 应将红字专用发票所注明的增值税额从当期进项税额中扣减。如不扣减, 造成不纳税或少纳税的, 属于偷税行为。
第十三条 使用电子计算机开具专用发票必须报经主管税务机关批准并使用由税务机关监制的机外发票。
第十四条 符合下列条件的一般纳税人, 可以向主管税务机关申请使用电子计算机开具专用发票:
(一) 有专业电子计算机技术人员、操作人员。
(二) 具备通过电子计算机开具专用发票和按月列印进货、销货及库存清单的能力。
(三) 国家税务总局直属分局规定的其他条件。
第十五条 申请使用电子计算机, 必须向主管税务机关提供申请报告及以下资料:
(一) 按照专用发票(机外发票)格式用电子计算机制作的模拟样张。
(二) 根据会计操作程序用电子计算机制作的最近月份的进货、销货及库存清单。
(三) 电子计算机设备的配置情况。
(四) 有关专用电子计算机技术人员、操作人员的情况。
(五) 国家税务总局直属分局要求提供的其他资料。
第十六条 使用专用发票必须按月在《增值税纳税申报表》附列资料栏目中如实填列购、用(包括作废)、存情况。
第十七条 进货退出或索取折让证明单的基本联次为三联: 第一联为存根联, 由税务机关留存备查; 第二联为证明联, 交由购买方送销售方为开具红字专用发票的合法依据; 第三联由购货单位留存。
证明单必须由税务机关开具, 并加盖主管税务机关印章, 不得将证明单交由纳税人自行开具。
证明单的印制, 按照《中华人民共和国发票管理办法》及其细则有关发票印制的规定办理。
一般纳税人取得的证明单应按照税务机关的要求装订成册, 并按照有关发票保管的规定进行保管。
第十八条 专用发票的票样与进货退出或索取折让证明单的样式, 由国家税务总局统一制定, 其他单位和纳税人不得擅自改变。
第十九条 本规定所称税务机关、主管税务机关、均指国家税务总局及其所属支局以上征收机关。
第二十条 本规定自1994年1月1日起执行。

PROVISIONS FOR THE USE OF SPECIAL INVOICES OF VALUE-ADDED TAX

(State Administration of Taxation: 27 December 1993)

Whole Doc.
The
(hereinafter referred to as "the Provisions") are formulated by the State
Administration of Taxation to tighten control over the use of special
invoices of Value-Added Tax (hereinafter referred to as "special
invoices") and to ensure the successful implementation of the Value-Added
Tax crediting system based on the amount of tax specified on invoices.
Copies of the Provisions are hereby sent to you with the following notice
on the pertinent questions:
1. Special invoices are not only important commercial papers in
taxpayers' business activities, but also legal certificates on which both
the seller's tax obligation and the amount of imput tax for purchasers are
recorded, with a decisive role in the computation and administration of
Value-Added Tax. Leading comrades of the State Council have given
instructions that the way to administer special invoices should be the
same as for bank notes. As such, tax authorities at all levels in various
places must pay great attention to the use and administration of special
invoices, endeavor to gain the support of government leaders at various
levels and assistance from the financial, banking, auditing,
administration for industry and commerce, public security, public
prosecution and other departments concerned and to make earnest efforts to
strengthen on work guidance and administer strictly in accordance with the
provisions for the use of special invoices.
2. Starting from January 1, 1994, general taxpayers selling goods or
taxable services must issue special invoices in accordance with the
Provisions. In case where special invoices are needed but not issued and
ordinary invoices are still used, purchasers would not be allowed to claim
any credit on input tax.
Ordinary invoices issued in the previous year received by general
taxpayers can be used as tax-crediting certificates only before January
31. For those that cannot be used as certificates for crediting the input
tax of the current period, the input tax which are separated from
start-of-period inventory, may be readjusted upward in accordance with
provisions of the pertinent policy.
3. Those which violate the Provisions for the Use of Special Invoices
shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions for relevant
penalties prescribed in the for the Control of Invoices> and the China for Tax Collection and Administration>.
4. If any problems are found in the implementation of the for the Use of special Invoices of Value-Added Tax>, please report them to
the State Administration of Taxation promptly. Local governments or
departments should not alter these Provisions at will in the course of
their implementation and shall abide to implement accordingly.
Article 1
Special invoices of Value-Added Tax (hereinafter referred to as
"special invoices") shall be obtained, bought and used only by general
taxpayers that pay Value-Added Tax, and not by small-scale taxpayers or
non-Value-Added-Tax taxpayers.
Article 2
General taxpayers shall not obtain, buy or use special invoices in
any one of the following cases:
(1) The accounting system is unsound, i. e., it cannot accurately
compute the output tax, input tax and the amount of Value-Added Tax
payable as required under the accounting regulations and by tax
authorities;
(2) Accurate information for the output tax, input tax, the amount of
Value-Added Tax payable and other information relating to Value-Added Tax
cannot be provided to tax authorities.
The content of "other information relating to Value-Added Tax"
mentioned above shall be defined by the taxation bureaux which are
directly under the State Administration of Taxation;
(3) Engagement in the following activities and failure to correct
itself within the time limit prescribed by tax authorities:
a. Printing special invoices without authorization;
b. Buying special invoices from individual persons or units other
than tax authorities;
c. Using special invoices borrowed from other;
d. Providing special invoices for use by other;
e. Failing to issue special invoices in accordance with the
requirements as prescribed in Article 5 of the Provisions;
f. Failing to preserve special invoices in accordance with the
requirements under the Provisions;
g. Failing to file the information on the status of the purchase, use
and inventory of special invoices as prescribed in Article 16 of the
Provisions;
h. Failing to accept inspection by tax authorities according to the
requirements under the Provisions.
(4) Sale of goods which fall within the tax exempt items.
If any of the aforesaid cases occur with a general taxpayer that has
obtained, bought and used special invoices, the tax authorities shall take
away the special invoices retained by that taxpayers.
Article 3
Except for the circumstances specified in Article 4 of these
Provisions, general taxpayer selling goods (including those regarded as
selling goods), taxable services, or non-taxable services on which
Value-Added Tax shall be levied as prescribed in the Detailed Rules for
the Implementation of Value-Added Tax (hereinafter referred to as "selling
taxable items") must issue special invoices to purchasers.
Article 4
Special invoices cannot be issued in the following circumstances:
(1) Selling taxable items to consumers;
(2) Selling tax exempt items;
(3) Selling goods that have been declared export at the customs
office or selling taxable services abroad;
(4) Using goods on items not subject to Value-Added Tax;
(5) Using goods on group welfare or for personal consumption;
(6) Presenting goods as gifts to others without a consideration; or
(7) Providing non-taxable services (except services on which
Value-Added Tax shall be levied), transferring intangible assets, or
selling immovable property.
Taxable items can be sold to small-scale taxpayers without issuing
special invoices.
Article 5
Special invoices must be issued in accordance with the following
requirements:
(1) The writing must be legible;
(2) There shall be no alteration;
If a special invoice is filled out incorrectly, it should be affixed
with the words "canceled for mistakes" and a new special invoice would be
issued. If a special invoice that has been issued and becomes invalid as a
result of not being claimed by the purchasers, it shall also be handled as
if the invoice is filled out incorrectly.
(3) All the items should be filled in;
(4) The special invoice and the goods must tally with each other, the
amount specified on the special invoice and the amount of money collected
must tally with each other;
(5) The content of all items are correct;
(6) All copies of the invoice shall be filled out at one time and the
content and amount on all copies shall be consistent;
(7) The "invoice copy" and the "credit copy" shall be affixed with
the special stamp for use by the financial department or for use in
invoices;
(8) Special invoices must be issued at the time prescribed in Article
6 of the Provisions;
(9) Counterfeit special invoices shall not be issued;
(10) Special invoices detached from invoice books shall not be used;
and
(11) Special invoices that do not conform with the forms produced on
an unified basis by the State Administration of Taxation shall not be
used.
Any special invoices that do not conform with the aforesaid
requirements will not be used as taxcrediting certificates and purchasers
shall have the right not to accept them.
Article 6
The time limit for issuance of special invoices is prescribed as
follows:
(1) If accounts are settled by the methods of advance payment, bills
of collection and acceptance, or by authorizing banks to collect payments,
it is the day when the goods are despatched;
(2) If accounts are settled by the method of payment on delivery, it
shall be the day when the payment is received;
(3) If the accounts are settled by the methods of credit sales or
hire purchase, it is the day of collection prescribed in contracts;
(4) If goods are sold through consignment agents, it is the day when
the bills of consignment sales are received from consignee;
(5) For the transfer of goods from one establishment to another for
sale by a taxpayer who maintains two or more establishments and keeps
their accounts on a consolidated basis, if Value-Added Tax shall be levied
on such goods according to the provisions, it is the day when the goods
are transferred;
(6) For goods provided to other units or individual business
operators in the from of investment, it is the day when the goods are
transferred; or
(7) For goods distributed to shareholders, it is the day when the
goods are transferred.
General taxpayers must issue special invoices at the prescribed time,
neither earlier nor later.
Article 7
Special invoices are basically in quadruplicate, as stipulated on a
unified basis, and each copy shall be used in accordance with the
following provisions:
(1) The first copy is the "stub copy," which is kept by the seller
for reference;
(2) The second copy is the "invoice copy," which is used by the
purchaser as payment record for bookkeeping;
(3) The third copy is the "credit copy," which is used by the
purchaser as a certificate for claiming input tax credit; and
(4) The fourth copy is the "bookkeeping copy," which is used by the
seller as sales record for bookkeeping.
Article 8
Except for the purchase of tax-exempt agricultural products and
import of goods, the input tax on purchasing of taxable items shall not be
credited against the output tax in any one of the following circumstances:
(1) Failing to obtain special invoices as stipulated;
(2) Failing to preserve special invoices as stipulated; or
(3) The special invoices issued by sellers do not conform with the
requirements prescribed in Paragraphs (1) to (9) and Paragraph (11) of
Article 5 of the Provisions.
Article 9
"Failing to obtain special invoices as stipulated" mentioned in
Article 8 of the Provisions refers to one of the following circumstances:
(1) Failing to obtain special invoices from sellers; or
(2) Obtaining only the "bookkeeping copy" or obtaining only the
credit copy.
Article 10
"Failing to preserve special invoices as stipulated" mentioned in
Articles 2 and 8 of the Provisions refers to one of the following
circumstances:
(1) Failing to institute a special invoices control system as
required by tax authorities;
(2) Failing to assign a special person to safe-keep special invoices
as required by tax authorities;
(3) Failing to assign a special place for the safe-keeping of special
invoices as required by tax authorities;
(4) Failing to bind "credit copies" into booklets as required by tax
authorities;
(5) Unauthorized destruction of the basic copies of special invoices
that have not been checked or examined by tax authorities;
(6) Loss of the special invoices;
(7) Damaging (or tearing apart) special invoices; or
(8) Failing to meet other requirements for the preservation of
special invoices specified by the State Administration of Taxation or
taxation bureaux which are directly under it.
Article 11
If input tax on the purchase of taxable items has already been
credited with the output tax in any of the cases mentioned in Article 8 of
the Provisions, the credited amount shall be deducted from the input tax
on purchases in the period when the circumstances are discovered by tax
authorities.
Article 12
If, after goods have been sold and special invoices have been issued
to a purchaser, the goods are returned or having a discount allowed, they
shall be dealt with on the merits of each case and in accordance with the
following provisions:
In case when the purchaser has neither paid for the goods nor booked
them in the accounts, he or she should take the initiative to return the
original "invoice copy" and "credit copy" to the seller. After receiving
these copies, the seller should write the word "cancelled" on them and on
the related "stub copy" and "bookkeeping copy," which may be used as
certificates for deducting the output tax of the current period. Before
the seller receives the special invoices returned by a purchaser, he or
she cannot deduct the output tax of the current period. In case of
discount allowed, the seller shall issue special invoices anew on the
basis of the discounted prices.
If a purchaser has paid for the goods or though the goods have not
yet been paid but have been booked in the accounts, the purchaser cannot
return the "invoice copy" and "credit copy", he or she must secure a
"goods returned" or "discount claimed" certificate (hereinafter referred
to as the "certificate") issued by local competent tax authorities and
send it to seller, so that the latter may use it as the legal certificates
for issuing a red- letter special invoice. Before receiving the
certificate, the seller nay not issue any red-letter special invoice
Having received the certificate, the seller shall issue a red-letter
special invoice to the purchaser in accordance with the amount and prices
of goods returned or the amount of money discounted. The "stub copy" and
"bookkeeping copy" of the red-letter special invoice can be used by the
seller as certificates for deducting the output tax on saies of the
current period, while the "invoice copy" and "credit copy" can be used by
the purchaser as certificates for deducting the input tax.
After receiving the red-letter special invoice, the purchaser should
deduct the amount of Value-Added Tax specified on that invoice from the
input tax of the current period. Any default or decrease of tax payment
resulting from failure to make such deduction shall be regarded as tax
evasion.
Article 13
Taxpayers that use electronic computers in issuing special invoices
must apply to the tax authorities for approval and the use of
non-computer-printed invoices produced under the control and supervision
of the tax authorities.
Article 14
Generally taxpayers that meet the following conditions may apply to
the tax authorities for the use of electronic computers in issuing special
invoices:
(1) Have specialized electronic computer technicians and operators;
(2) Have the capacity and capability of issuing special invoices and
printing out monthly reports of purchases, sales and inventories through
electronic computers; and
(3) Can meet other conditions prescribed by taxation bureaux which
are directly under the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 15
Applicants for the use of electronic computers must file their
applications with the tax authorities alongside the following information:
(1) An analog sample produced by electronic computer based on the
form of special invoices (non-computer-printed invoices);
(2) The reports of purchases, sales and inventories of the latest
month, which is in accordance with the accounting operation procedures,
produced by electronic computer.
(3) The configuration of electronic computer equipment;
(4) Information about the specialized electronic computer technicians
and operators; and
(5) Other information requested by the taxation bureaux which are
directly under the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 16
Users of special invoices must truthfully record information on
purchase and use (including cancelled) of invoices and any invoices left
unused in the data columns appended to the every
month.
Article 17
The "goods returned" or "discount claimed" certificate is basically
in triplicate: the first copy is "stub copy", which shall be kept by tax
authorities for records; the second copy is "certificate copy", which the
purchaser should send it to the seller and is to be used as the legal
certificates for issuing red-letter special invoices; the third copy shall
be retained by the purchaser.
Certificates must be issued by tax authorities and affixed with the
stamp of the tax authorities; certificates cannot be given to the
taxpayers for the issuance of the certificates by themselves.
Certificates shall be printed in accordance with the People's Republic of China for the control of Invoices> and the relevant
provisions of the Detailed Rules and Regulations.
General taxpayers shall bind the certificate received into booklets
as required by the tax authorities and keep them in accordance with the
relevant certificate preservation provisions.
Article 18
The forms of special invoices and the format of "goods returned" or
"discount claimed" certificates shall be drawn up by the State
Administration of Taxation on a unified basis. They shall not be altered
by other organizations or taxpayers without authorization.
Article 19
"Tax authorities" and "competent tax authorities" mentioned in the
Provisions refer to the State Administration of Taxation and the
tax-collecting authorities that are one level above of the taxation
bureaux which are directly under the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 20
Provisions shall come into effect on January 1, 1994.


论悬赏广告的性质定义及其意义

赵杰
作者单位:北京理工大学法学系


内容摘要:在现代市场经济条件下,悬赏广告越来越多,其法律性质如何,效力如何,我国法律没有做出明确规定,学界也对此有不同意见,一为“契约说”,一为“单方民事行为说”。法院在具体处理案件时也有不同的判决。笔者赞成“单方民事行为说”,在此文中论述此观点及其意义.

关键词:悬赏广告 契约说 单方民事法律行为说 社会意义

一. 悬赏广告的定义,成立要件。

(一) 悬赏广告的定义。
所谓悬赏广告是指“广告人以广告形式声明对完成悬赏广告中规定的特定行为的任何人,给付广告中约定报酬的意思表示行为”。(1)
细究其定义,悬赏广告通常包含两个层次 的含义。第一层是指悬赏人以广告形式明确设置报酬,声明对完成指定行为的人给付报酬的广告。它的实质是悬赏人的意思表示,在这个意义上,悬赏广告是悬赏人意思表示的外化。第二层是指悬赏人的意思表示与指定行为的完成结合成的法律行为,也即是悬赏人以广告的方法声明对完成一定行为的人给予报酬的意思表示,基于该意思表示,悬赏人对完成指定行为的人负有给付报酬的义务。第二层含义是其意义分歧的核心所在,也是我也争论的焦点。
(二)悬赏广告的成立要件。
1.悬赏人须以广告方式对不特定的为意思表示。悬赏人是做出悬赏广告意思表示的行为人,可以是自然人,也可以是法人,还可以是其他民事主体。勿庸置疑,悬赏人必须具备民事行为能力。广告的方法多种多样。如:报纸刊登,广告栏张贴,街头叫喊,或广播电视等。发展到今天又有上网发布等等。只要使不特定人知晓的一切方式均可。不特定的人,并不要求一般公众,只要是不特定多数即可。
2.须有要求完成一定行为之意思表示。一定行为其种类并无限制,只人不违反法律和社会公序良俗,既可以为私人利益,也可为公共利益。
3.须有完成对行为人给付报酬的意思表示。悬赏广告,必以“赏”为要件。王泽鉴先生指出:“报酬不限于金钱,凡能为法律行为标的之任何行为均可”(2),因此,形式是多种多样的。

二. 悬赏广告的性质理解分歧及其不利影响。

(一) 悬赏广告的性质的两种不同理解。
1. 契约说。该学说认为,悬赏广告的性质是单独契约,即合同性质。悬赏广告是广告人以不特定的多数人为对象所发出的要约,只要某人完成指定的行为即构成承诺,双方成立合同。完成广告行为的人享有报酬请求权,广告人负有按照悬赏广告的约定支付报酬的义务。这种主张是多数学者的意见,在实务上,大多数人采纳这样的主张。
2. 单独民事法律行为说。这种主张认为,悬赏广告是一种单方法律行为,广告人对完成一定行为的人单方面负有支付报酬的义务,而不需要完成行为的人做出有效的承诺。显然,单方民事法律行为说对维护当事人的权益和交易安全更为有

利。德国,日本和我国台湾地区规定,以广告表示对完成一定行为的人给予报酬,对完成该行为的人负有给予报酬的义务。
(二)由于不同理解而造成的现实影响。
在我国司法实践中,由于悬赏广告的立法缺失和理论认识错误问题,经常存在某些法院随意否定悬赏广告的法律效力的情形。例如在李珉诉朱晋华、李绍华悬赏广告酬金纠纷案,一审法院天津市和平区人民法院认为,李珉拾得的公文包,系被告朱晋华遗失的财物,以依照民法通则第79条第2款的规定,李珉应将拾得的遗失物归还原主为由而否定悬赏广告效力,驳回原告诉讼请求。 本人认为法院将拾得遗失物法律规范与悬赏广告对立起来,是不符合立法本意和社会实际情况的,轻易否认悬赏广告的法律效力,无疑否定了民法的诚实信用原则和民事转法或在司法解释上对悬赏广告加以规定,实乃当务之急。

三. 悬赏广告的性质应为“单方民事法律行为说”。

笔者认为,为确定悬赏广告的性质,在法学方法论上,应采实质标准。将悬赏广告视为单方民事法律行为而不是合同,对维护当事人的利益和交易安全更为有利。
(一) 如果采用单方民事法律行为说,只要广告人发出了悬赏广告不需要他人同意即能发生法律效力广告人应当受到广告的拘束。
一方面如果某人于不知道广告人发出了悬赏广告的情况下,却完成了广告中所指定的行为,该人仍能取得对广告人的报酬请求权,而广告人不得以该人不知广告内容为由而拒付报酬。
另一方面,于广告人实施的是单方民事法律行为,所以其因受该行为的拘束,悬赏广告一经发出即不可随意撤回。而采纳契约说,则将广告人发出的悬赏广告视为要约行为,则行为人于完成行为之际并不知有要约,从而无法为承诺,因为要约,承诺有逻辑上之先后关系,此时,纵赋予行为人以报酬请求权,然理论上实无法自圆其说。又采契约说下,广告人可以在相对人作出正式承诺以前撤回或撤销要约,变更要约的内容,这显然对相对人不利。例如《德国民法典》第657条规定:“以公开的广告的方式,对于实施某一行为特别是对于引起某一结果而悬赏的人,有义务向实施了该行为的人支付报酬,即使行为人未顾及悬赏广告而实施行为,也是如此。”(3)该条中的“也是如此”即是上述论述的最有力论证。这样,就避免了由于行为人在完成悬赏行为时不知悬赏广告内容而广告人拒绝给付报酬的问题。
(二)采用单方民事法律行为说,可以使限制行为能力人,无行为能力人在完成广告所指定的行为以后,也可以对广告人享有报酬请求权。但若采用契约说,那么限制行为能力人和无民事行为人即使完成了广告指定的行为,也将因为其无订约能力,从而无承诺的资格,不能在他们与广告人之间成立合同,当然也就不能对广告人享有报酬请求权,这并不利于保护限制行为能力人和无民事行为能力人的利益。
(三)如果将悬赏广告视为单独民事法律行为,那么任何人完成广告中所指定行为都将是一种事实行为,而非具有法律意义的承诺行为。这样,只要相对人完成了广告指定的行为即享有报酬请求权,而不必准确地证明在什么情况下有效承诺的存在以及承诺的时间等问题,从而也可以极大地减轻相对人在求偿时的举证
负担。如采用契约说,在广告人不给付报酬时,举证责任由行为人承担,此时不为举证责任倒置,从而加大了行为人的负担,当然不能提高行为人的积极性,最终会导致将拾得物隐藏,会对社会造成极大的负面影响。
(四)如果采用合同说,将会产生一个非常复杂的问题,即在相对人完成指定行为以后能否适用同时履行抗辩权问题。按合同说,相对人完成广告指定行为即已作出承诺,双方成立合同关系,这样一方不按合同的规定支付报酬已构成违约,而另一方有权拒绝交付完成指定行为的成果。笔者认为,采纳契约说适用同是履行抗辩权是不妥当的。如某人拾得他人钱物,依据法律规定有义务返还失主,否则就会造成不当得利,即使推失主未依广告内容支付报酬,拾得人也不得行使同时履行抗辩权。

四. 将悬赏广告视为“单方民事法律行为”的意义。

(一) 维护交易安全。
在采用“契约说”的理论下,究竟在何种情形下,才能认为有承诺,学说上意见也不统一。有认为在着手一定行为前有意思表示,即为有承诺;有学者认为着手一定地为即意味着有承诺;另有认为在一定行为完成后,另有意思表示者为有承诺;还有学者认为须将完成一定行为之结果交与广告人,始为有承诺。意见分歧,尚无定论。若采用单方民事法律行为说,则广告人所负担的债务于一不定期行为完成时,即为发生。其关系简约明确,而且又合于社会通念,对于交易安全,实有助益。这样,使社会效率更加简约化,使社会交易成本降低,从而更加能调动人们的积极性从事有利于已而且更加有利于广告人的行为,社会才能形成一个良好的秩序。
(二) 遵守公平原则。
在悬赏广告发出之后,广告人作出了一定的报酬明示。此时,行为人若对此实施了一定的行为,定会付出某些实质上或形式上的努力。而一旦最后满足了广告人的权利,广告人不履行自己的交付报酬义务,定会对行为人造成或大或小的实质上的损害。这样,违背了公平原则。
(三) 有利于维护广告人的利益。
这主要是针对广告人和行为人的抗辩权而言。采用了单方民事法律行为说,意味着只要行为人实施了行为,满足了广告人的需求,广告人就要对广深广告中所示的报酬予以给付。这样,会最大限度地保护广告人的利益。
采用“契约说”,广告人行为人同时履行抗辩权,在现实生活中就会出现这样的情形,你不给我报酬,我不会给你财物,在这种情形下,广告人的权利形同虚设。

陕西省人民政府办公厅关于印发陕西省人民政府常务会议信息公开试行办法的通知

陕西省人民政府办公厅


陕西省人民政府办公厅关于印发陕西省人民政府常务会议信息公开试行办法的通知
陕政办发〔2005〕70号

各市、县、区人民政府,省人民政府各工作部门、各直属机构:

  《陕西省人民政府常务会议信息公开试行办法》已经省政府领导同意,现予印发。



                                       陕西省人民政府办公厅
                                       二○○五年八月十八日

               陕西省人民政府常务会议信息公开试行办法

  为了建立公正、透明的行政管理体制,促进政府决策的民主化与科学化,保障公民、法人和其他组织的知情权、参与权和监督权,根据有关法律、法规以及中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅《关于进一步推行政务公开的意见》(中办发〔2005〕12号)和陕西省委办公厅、陕西省人民政府办公厅《关于深入推行政务公开的实施意见》(陕办发〔2005〕22号),特制定本办法。

  一、公开的原则

  省政府常务会议信息公开,遵循严格依法、真实有效、及时便民和全程监督的原则。除涉及国家秘密、商业秘密、个人隐私外,凡与经济、社会管理和公共服务相关的政务信息,一般均应予以公开。

  二、公开的内容

  (一)提请省人大常委会审议的地方性法规草案

  (二)省政府制订的规章或规范性文件

  (三)经济社会发展规划

  (四)城市总体规划及土地利用总体规划

  (五)政府工作报告

  (六)财政预决算报告

  (七)年度计划报告

  (八)与公众密切相关的重要事项,灾情、疫情和突发事件的应急处理

  (九)省政府工作部门、直属机构请示省政府决定的重要事项

  (十)其他需要公开的重要事项

  三、公开的形式和范围

  (一)邀请省人大、省政协领导列席省政府常务会议

  讨论提请人大审议的地方性法规草案和制订政府规章或规范性文件的议题时,可邀请省人大、省政协相关领导列席会议。

  (二)邀请专家、学者或有关行业相关层次人员列席会

  议讨论有关规划、重大项目、专业性较强的问题、涉及某一行业的重要事项时,可邀请专家、学者或有关行业相关层次人员列席会议。

  (三)邀请新闻媒体记者参加省政府常务会

  议讨论贯彻落实中央、国务院和省委的重大决策和重要部署,以及社会经济发展规划的议题时,可邀请陕西日报、陕西人民广播电台、陕西电视台记者参加会议,必要时可请中央媒体驻陕记者或省内其他媒体记者参加会议,并按通稿或统一口径组织报道。

  (四)邀请公民旁听省政府常务会

  议讨论城市总体规划或与公众利益密切相关的议题时,可邀请公民旁听会议。

  (五)由政府新闻发言人通报省政府常务会议决定事项

  (六)在省政府网站和政府公报刊登省政府常务会议决定事项或有关信息

  (七)编撰省政府常务会议新闻通稿,在新闻媒体刊发

  四、组织实施

  (一)确定公开议题

  每月初,省政府办公厅秘书处按照常务会待列议题的内容、涉及范围,提出本月拟公开议题计划(包括拟公开议题、公开时间、形式、列席或旁听人员范围等),经办公厅分管领导审核后,按程序报秘书长、常务副省长、省长审定。

  当月内确定上常务会并且需要公开的议题,由省政府办公厅秘书处按程序及时报领导审定。

  (二)通知列席、旁听人员

  1邀请省人大、省政协领导列席会议,由省政府办公厅秘书处负责,一般应提前2个工作日将会议通知和议题材料送省人大常委会、省政协办公厅。

  2邀请专家、学者或有关行业相关层次人员列席会议,由省政府办公厅秘书处负责,一般应提前2个工作日将会议通知和议题材料送达本人。

  3邀请新闻媒体记者参加会议,由省政府办公厅秘书处负责,一般应提前1个工作日将会议通知送达。

  4邀请公民旁听会议,由省政府办公厅秘书处和省政府督查室负责,一般应提前半月在《陕西日报》和省政府网站发布公告。公民持本人身份证到省政府督查室报名。督查室主要依据报名顺序,拟定旁听公民名单(附主要简历),经省政府秘书长批准后,通知并协助省政府办公厅秘书处组织公民旁听会议。

  (三)新闻发布会

  按照《关于建立陕西省政府新闻发布制度的意见》,一般每月举行一次新闻发布会,由省政府新闻发言人通报省政府常务会议决定事项。具体由省政府办公厅和省政府新闻办公室组织实施。

  (四)网站、公报刊登

  适宜在政府网站和政府公报刊登的省政府常务会议决定事项或有关信息,由省政府办公厅秘书处按程序报领导审定后,分别提交省信息化办公室和陕西政报安排刊登。

  (五)新闻通稿、口径

  省政府常务会议新闻通稿或新闻口径,由省政府办公厅综合处负责编撰或确定,经省政府秘书长审定后,组织新闻媒体刊发。

  (六)意见反馈

  1列席会议的省人大、省政协领导对会议议题有意见、建议,可在会上发表。

  2列席会议的专家、学者或有关行业相关层次人员对会议议题有意见、建议,可在会上发表,或在会议结束后2个工作日内,以书面形式送交省政府办公厅秘书处按有关程序办理。

  3旁听会议的公民对会议议题有意见、建议,可在会议结束后2个工作日内,以书面形式送交省政府督查室。督查室汇总后,交省政府办公厅秘书处按有关程序办理。